人工饲养条件下扬子鳄两种越冬方式的比较

华北地区引进扬子鳄后 ,在室内安全越冬问题急需妥善解决 ,1996～ 1999年 ,采用人工控温使扬子鳄冬眠和不冬眠两种方式越冬。结果表明 ,在华北地区 ,在无法模拟自然条件使扬子鳄冬眠越冬的环境改变时 ,在人工控温下不冬眠是扬子鳄越冬的首选方式     

Effect of Manually Preheparinized Syringes on Packed Cell Volume and Total Solids in Blood Samples Collected from American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)

The hemodilution effect of manually preheparinized syringes was determined by evaluating the packed cell volume (PCV) and total solids (TS) from blood samples collected from 50 American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). A volume of 0.2 mL of blood was drawn into 3 syringes of 1 mL: control with no heparin sodium, heparin sodium drawn to 0.1 mL and then expelled, and heparin sodium drawn to 0.2 mL and then expelled. PCV and TS values were determined from each syringe immediately after collection. Mean PCV and TS values were compared between the control and heparin groups using linear mixed modeling. The syringes coated with heparin resulted in a significantly lower mean PCV and TS values when compared with controls, with no significant difference between the heparin groups. This dilution effect was also found to be inconsistent and not accurate from one syringe to another. An adjunct method of obtaining 0.5 mL from already-collected blood samples into 1-mL syringes that were coated with heparin drawn to 0.2 mL and then expelled also showed a significant decrease in PCV and TS values when compared with the control samples, although to a lesser extent. As a result, it cannot be recommended to manually preheparinize syringes when collecting small volume of blood samples from American alligators because significant and unpredictable hemodilution is likely to occur.     

Digestive enzyme activity during early larval development of the Cuban gar Atractosteus tristoechus

The ontogenesis of digestive enzymes (proteases, amylases, lipases, and phosphatases) in Cuban gar Atractosteus tristoechus was determined in larvae between 5 and 18 days after hatching (DAH). Variations in specific activities of most enzymes were related to the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding and to the transition from the larval to the juvenile stage. Alkaline protease activity was not detected until 8 DAH in contrast to acid protease activity, which was quantifiable at 5 DAH. Acid protease activity was consistently higher than alkaline protease activity, indicating the presence of a functional stomach in the early stages of larval development. The acid protease activities of larvae and adults were compared by means of zymogram analysis. Four acid protease bands were found in adults (two more than in larvae). This result is the first time that more than one band of acid proteolytic activity has been found in Lepisosteidae. High lipase activity indicated the importance of lipid utilization, particularly during yolk-sac absorption. In contrast to the other enzymes studied, amylase activity was consistently low, probably due to the strictly carnivorous diet of gar larvae and their low capacity for carbohydrate digestion. High activities of aminopeptidase and acid and alkaline phosphatases suggest intestinal absorption. This result, together with the existence of a short gut and a lower proteolytic activity in the intestine than in the stomach, suggest that most of the proteolytic activity takes place in the stomach, while the primary function of the intestine is nutrient uptake.     

几种除草剂与莲子草假隔链格孢混用防除空心莲子草的初步研究

在测定使它隆、农达、农思它、盖草能等除草剂对莲子草假隔链格孢(Nimbyaalternantherae)菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制作用的基础上,研究了使它隆和农达与莲子草假隔链格孢混用防除空心莲子草的可能性实验结果表明:在1000倍的浓度下几种除草剂对该菌菌丝生长的相对抑制率依次为农思它(955%)>盖草能(80%)>使它隆(694%)>农达(445%);对孢子萌发则只有农思它稍有抑制作用(174%),其它3种均无抑制作用;2000倍的使它隆和农达分别与40g/L菌丝(湿重)的莲子草假隔链格孢菌丝悬浮液等量混合比单纯使用除草剂或菌丝悬浮液的除草效果好     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

扬子鳄发情期昼间行为时间分配及活动节律

2004年5~6月,在安徽扬子鳄国家级保护区红星保护点,对发情期的扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)进行了昼间行为时间分配和活动节律的研究。扬子鳄的行为谱包括游动、晒阳、停息、吼叫和交配等。就所观察到的几种主要行为统计发现,从7:00到19:00,扬子鳄昼间游动行为占有最大的百分率,达到(34.30±26.27)%;其次是停息行为,为(30.44±18.50)%;再次为晒阳和吼叫行为,分别为(21.04±32.95)%和(14.16±18.97)%。游动行为各时段占有的百分率比较接近,为26.47%~44.83%,但在游动过程中,它们并不是始终保持一种姿势游泳。停息行为存在2个高峰期,分别为9:00~11:00和17:00~19:00时间段;晒阳行为出现在6月3日以后,仅有1个高峰期(11:00~13:00)。吼叫行为的高峰期出现在7:00~9:00时间段;结合夜晚记录发现,21:00~23:00时间段也是一个吼叫高峰。扬子鳄的吼叫次数与水温差存在一定的关系,吼叫次数最多的水温差为3.5℃,在1.5~3.5℃吼叫最频繁。笔者认为,该时期扬子鳄的活动行为主要受繁殖因素的影响。图3参36     

Identification of Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) meat by diagnostic PCR of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene

With the commercial farming and exploitation of Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis), illegal and inappropriately labeled Chinese alligator meat has appeared in markets. To prevent the illegal hunting and commerce for Chinese alligators, it will be important to develop an expedient and practical method for the identification of Chinese alligator meat. In this study, a pair of the species-specific PCR primers (Alli-M and Alli-R) was designed using sequence variations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b gene between Chinese alligators and other crocodilians. By the multiplex PCR of using the species-specific primers and 12S rRNA universal primers L1091 and H1478, 31 samples (27 meat samples, 4 skin samples) were identified. The result of amplification displayed that only the fresh and the cooked meat samples from the Chinese alligator could be amplified with two bands. We also present a case of identification of a crocodilian body part found in a local market using the newly developed primers. The specific primers designed in this study could be widely used for the rapid and accurate identification of not only alligator meat but also other commercial products from Chinese alligator.     

扬子鳄自然栖息地生态修复的研究

2006年6月~2007年11月,通过对安徽郎溪、泾县、广德、南陵、宣城、浙江长兴6个野生扬子鳄栖息地生境调查及对浙江长兴、安徽高井庙林场、上海崇明岛3个扬子鳄放归自然实验点的生态修复效果验证的基础上,分析了影响野生扬子鳄捕食、穴居、繁殖、躲避等生活习性的8个生态因子:栖息地水域面积、水位、水质、土壤质地、岛屿规模、岸线坡度、植被类型和群落结构;总结了扬子鳄栖息地生态修复的3大措施:水系梳理、地形改造和植被恢复;讨论了栖息地水源、土壤类型和环境污染等因素对生态修复的影响,建议栖息地生态修复选择丘陵平原交接混合区域,修复后限制环境污染活动。     

Development of testis and digestive tract in longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) at the onset of exogenous feeding of larvae and in juveniles

The aim of this study was to describe the ontogenetic development of the testis and the alimentary tract in longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) related to fish size and age at the onset of exogenous feeding and late ontogenesis. Using light microscopy, testes were first detected histologically by the appearance of primordial germ cells 9 days after the first exogenous feeding [31–31.5 mm total body length(TL)] and presumptive seminiferous tubules (maleness characteristic) in fish of 107 mm TL. The present histological studies indicated that the alimentary tract of lepisosteids is completely functional at the beginning of exogenous feeding, several days before the completion of yolk absorption. Based on these results, we have concluded that garfish larvae/juveniles can be effectively trained to consume formulated diets at early stages, after an initial feeding of live food for 2–3 days (23.5 mm TL). Our findings provide evidence of the first controlled rearing of longnose gar using live and formulated diets, providing the possibility of experimental work with this non‐teleost fish.